Effects of the pandemic on tourism and the Chilean economy, a look from multivariate techniques

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought dire consequences. The paralysis of a large part of the tourism sector since April 2020 has strongly affected the economy and employment worldwide, leaving without a livelihood a number of people who live and depend on the tourism company. In this context, the present research aims to analyze the effect of the pandemic on tourism in Chile. It is methodologically based on two aspects, first, on the documentary review of different sources that critically analyze the consequences of this health crisis on the economy and tourism, and secondly, on the data processing carried out through the application of the HJ Biplot Multivariate Cubes Model. As the main results of this research, it is evident that the pandemic has caused a decrease in employment and sales in Accommodation Services and Food Services, as well as the arrivals of passengers at Tourist Activity Establishments. It is projected that this study could be a contribution in the construction of public policies that support the reactivation of the national and world economy through tourism. © 2023, Universidade de Aveiro. All rights reserved.

HJ-BIPLOT as a Basis for the Search of Clusters Based on Pension Indicators for Latin American Countries

In the 1980s, Chile’s Decree-Law No. 3500 introduced a new Pension System in Latin America based on individual savings by workers during their working life, thus discarding the distribution model. The system has been implemented in several countries in the region, such as Mexico, Uruguay, Peru, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic, so that today in Latin America, two types of systems coexist, one with a public fund and the other with individual savings managed by private companies called Pension Fund Administrators (AFP). Since before the Pandemic, Latin America has had demographic, occupational, and other problems, which have deepened with COVID-19 and have had a negative impact on the economies of various countries in the region, and which have seen pension savings as a support option for overcoming the crisis. Different politicians and experts have analyzed the situation, if this withdrawal of savings from pension funds supports people to overcome one of the worst economic crises in recent years, risking the pension systems to get rid of assets in different markets, mainly where demand is weak and liquidity is low. This article seeks to explain the trend of the AFPs using the HJ-Biplot statistical method. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.